15 if it is really between the earth and the sun it is called a solar eclipse and and the moon's shadow falls on the earth at certain. The core temperature of the sun is on the order of 15 million degrees kelvin while its surface temperature is around 6000k. Let's say a wizard magicked jupiter into the sun, with or without high velocity.
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Besides the moon, the sun has a tidal component for the earths oceans, and when that crashes into continents the energy absorbed comes from the. It's consensus that the very similar apparent sizes of the moon and the sun as seen from earth is a coincidence (as already answered. This question is inspired by a similar one asked on quora.
