The core temperature of the sun is on the order of 15 million degrees kelvin while its surface temperature is around 6000k. Besides the moon, the sun has a tidal component for the earths oceans, and when that crashes into continents the energy absorbed comes from the. This question is inspired by a similar one asked on quora.
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15 if it is really between the earth and the sun it is called a solar eclipse and and the moon's shadow falls on the earth at certain. Let's say a wizard magicked jupiter into the sun, with or without high velocity. It's consensus that the very similar apparent sizes of the moon and the sun as seen from earth is a coincidence (as already answered.